Show
Date: February 1, 2006
Pam Eastlick for THE DEEP on line
| TEA WITH THE MAD
HATTER |
| LOOK...UP IN THE
SKY! |
| and |
| THE LAST DESERT
UPDATE |
Welcome to The Deep science and technology
column where we cover topics from the deep sea to deep space and
beyond. Join us each week on Newstalk K57 on Wednesday night from
7 to 8 p.m. for exciting live science expeditions or listen live
on our web site www.thedeepradioshow.com
| TEA WITH THE MAD HATTER |
| Have you ever had one of those conversations with someone
where you seemed to be talking at cross-purposes? Have a look
at this excerpt from Alice in Wonderland and you’ll
see what I mean. |
 |
Alice had been looking over his [the
Mad Hatter] shoulder with some curiosity. `What a funny
watch!' she remarked. `It tells the day of the month, and
doesn't tell what o'clock it is!'
`Why should it?' muttered the Hatter. `Does your watch tell
you what year it is?'
`Of course not,' Alice replied very readily: `but that's
because it stays the same year for such a long time together.'
`Which is just the case with mine,' said the Hatter.
Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed
to have no sort of meaning in it, and yet it was certainly
English. `I don't quite understand you,' she said, as politely
as she could. |
The Mad Hatter is just full of remarks like that and interestingly
enough; Lewis Carol had a very definite role model in mind when
he created the character. In 19th century England (and the United
States), hatters (people who made hats) really did go mad. Many
hats were (and still are) made of felt and the chemicals used
to cure felt included mercury nitrate. Prolonged exposure to these
mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. Victims developed severe
and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, called
"hatter's shakes"; other symptoms included distorted
vision and confused speech. Advanced cases developed hallucinations
and other psychotic symptoms.
Many hats were made of beaver fur, but cheaper ones used rabbit
fur instead. Making a rabbit fur hat was complex and involved
many steps. One step was to brush a solution of mercury nitrate
on to the fur to roughen the fibers and make them mat more easily.
The process called carroting because it made the fur turn orange.
Beaver fur has natural serrated edges that make this unnecessary,
one reason why it was preferred, but the cost and scarcity of
beaver meant that other furs had to be used.
Whatever the source of the fur, the fibers were shaved off the
skin and matted into felt; which was later immersed in a boiling
acid solution to thicken and harden it. The acid treatment decomposed
the mercury nitrate to elemental mercury. Finishing processes
included steaming the hat to shape and ironing it. In all these
steps, hatters working in poorly ventilated workshops would breathe
in mercury vapor.
This hazard continued into the 20th century and it wasn’t
until 1941 that the US officially banned the practice of using
mercury to make hats. Although hatters are no longer routinely
exposed to the hazards of mercury, you may not be so lucky.
Elemental mercury is everywhere. The vapor is easily transported
by the wind and trace amounts can be found in all bodies of water.
Unfortunately, bacteria can cause chemical changes that transform
elemental mercury to methyl mercury, a more toxic form.
Fish absorb methyl mercury from the water as it passes over
their gills and as they feed on aquatic organisms. The mercury
then moves up the food chain and top-drawer predators like sharks,
tuna and swordfish can contain significant amounts of toxic mercury,
LOOK! UP IN THE SKY!!!
It’s a bird, it’s a plane, it’s a . . . . SPACESUIT??
Don’t look now, but NASA is preparing to launch what is
probably the weirdest satellite ever. It’s not bound for
Mars or Pluto or any other planet, and it’s not going to
be launched from Earth. It’s going to be shoved out the
airlock of the International Space Station on 2 February 2006.
and it’s an empty spacesuit. Huh?
Why would you launch a spacesuit? Well, believe it or not, Bill
McArthur and Valery Tokarev, the current residents of the ISS
and scientists on the ground hope to do some real science with
the spacesuit which will officially be called SuitSat.
Frank Bauer of the Goddard Space Flight Center says that using
the aging spacesuit was a Russian idea. "We've equipped a
Russian Orlon spacesuit with three batteries, a radio transmitter,
and internal sensors to measure temperature and battery power,"
says Bauer. "As SuitSat circles Earth, it will transmit its
condition to the ground."
Unlike a normal spacewalk, there will be no human inside the suit
and SuitSat's temperature controls will be turned off to conserve
power. The suit will be exposed to the fierce rays of the sun
with no way to regulate its internal temperature.
"Will the suit overheat? How long will the batteries last?
Can we get a clear transmission if the suit tumbles?" wonders
Bauer. These are some of the questions SuitSat will answer, laying
the groundwork for SuitSats of the future.
If you’re a ham radio operator, you can listen to SuitSat
as it circles the Earth. “All you need is an antenna (the
bigger the better) and a radio receiver that you can tune to 145.990
MHz FM," says Bauer. "A police band scanner or a hand-talkie
ham radio would work just fine." He encourages students,
scouts, teachers and ham radio operators to tune in.
When will SuitSat orbit over your home town? You can use Science@NASA's
J-Pass utility to find out. The online program will ask for your
zip code and if you live in the United States, that's all you
have to do. If you don’t live in the mainland US, you can
enter your latitude and longitude. Then it will tell you when
the ISS is going to orbit over your area. (Be sure to click the
"options" button and select "all passes.")
If you have trouble with J-Pass, just go to the site www.heavens-above.com.
Entering your latitude and longitude there will give you all the
bright satellite passes that sail silently through your night
sky.
Join us this week on The Deep as we talk to Eli Sadler from the
environmental firm Got Mercury? and Xavier Pastor of Oceana as we
discuss the hazards of mercury in your everyday life. The Deep is
broadcast on Newstalk K57 every Wednesday night at 7:00 p.m. You
can also listen live from our web site www.thedeepradioshow.com.
Join Jim Sullivan, Pam Eastlick, and Peter Melyan on the deepest
radio show on Earth.
|
Because the ISS and SuitSat share similar orbits, predictions
for one will serve for the other. Observers in the United
States will find that SuitSat passes overhead once or
twice a day—usually between midnight and 4 o'clock
in the morning. At that time of day, SuitSat and the ISS
will be in Earth's shadow and, thus, too dark to see with
the naked eye. You'll need a radio to detect them.
SuitSat transmits for 30 seconds, pauses for 30 seconds,
and then repeats. "This is SuitSat-1, RS0RS,"
the transmission begins, followed by a prerecorded greeting
in five languages. The greeting contains "special
words" in English, French, Japanese, Russian, German
and Spanish for students to record and decipher.
Then, SuitSat’s voice synthesizer will tell you
its temperature, battery power, and the mission elapsed
time. But you’d better listen fast, because Bauer
expects SuitSat's batteries to last only 2 to 4 days.
After that, SuitSat will begin a slow silent spiral into
Earth's atmosphere. Weeks or months later, no one knows
exactly when, it will become a brilliant fireball over
some part of Earth—a fitting end for a trailblazer.
|
| SuitSat with the radio transmitter on top. |
| |
| LAST DESERT UPDATE 2-1-06 |
The competetors of The Last Desert race across Antartica
have completed two of three stages of the competition.
From Punta Arenas in Chile, the participants made their
way to King George Island via a small aircraft. Upon arrival,
they boarded a vessel or "floating hotel" that
will be used as the ground refuge for seven days. The
three stages are to be run in three separate locations
which have been chosen taking into consideration safety,
the environment, diversity and the landscape. Competitors
will be transferred by Zodiacs in the morning and evening.
The stages will be made easier by the 24 hours of sunlight
during Antarctica's summer.
The first stage took place on King George
Island, the largest of the South Shetland Islands. Russia,
China, Korea, Poland, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina have
all built research stations here. The numerous international
research stations on this island include the Polish Arctowski
Station and the Brazilian Ferraz Station in Admiralty
Bay and on the western side the Russian, Chilean, Chinese,
Korean, and Uruguayan stations.
The second stage was on Deception Island.
Long ago, volcanic pressure on Deception Island resulted
in a tremendous eruption that caused the island's peak
to explode. The resulting caldera flooded with seawater,
creating the unique landmass that played host to the second
stage. Thousands of Chinstrap Penguins inhabit the volcanic
slopes of the island, along with nesting Pintado Petrels
and Antarctic Terns.
Nestled among the South Shetland Islands, Deception Island
is easily recognized on a map by its horseshoe shape.
Its collapsed volcanic caldera is breached at Neptune's
Bellows and makes for one of the world's safest natural
harbors, despite the volcano's periodic eruptions. Ships
enter the relatively calm waters of Port Forster (12km/7.5mi
wide) through the caldera's breach that is surrounded
by snow-covered hills that reach 580m (1900ft). The island
has an interesting history - it was a base for several
early exploratory missions - and is still a disputed territory
between the Argentineans and the British, however nowadays
they seem to get along.
The volcano is still very active and its eruptions have
caused evacuations and considerable damage to the stations
there (during the 1920-21 whaling season the harbor water
boiled and stripped the paint off the ships' hulls). The
most recent eruption was in 1991-92.
Part of what brings ships to the island is that the volcanic
activity thermally heats the waters of Pendulum Cove (so-called
because of the British pendulum and magnetism experiments
held there last century) and you can take a dip. You do
have to be careful, however, because if you move even
a meter from the warm water you might find your skin blistering
from a near-boiling patch or goose-bumping from an unheated
patch. There are large colonies of chinstrap penguins
on the exterior coast, but few marine animals enter the
harbor because there are numerous volcanic vents that
heat the water to several degrees above the sea surrounding
the island.
The final stage of the Last Desert will
be held on Hope Bay (on the tip of the Antarctic peninsula):
This location is close to the Argentine base station named
"Esperanza." Hope Bay lies in the Antarctic
Sound often called "Iceberg Alley" providing
excellent opportunities to see extraordinary icebergs.
There are remains of an expedition hut from a Swedish
expedition that wintered there in 1903. The Argentine
Esperanza Research Station, Adelie penguins and snowy
sheathbills are other highlights.
We have been following Matthew Chapman during his preparation
for this, the premier event for the Racing the Planet
Series. He makes the following comments on the eve of
their departure for the first stage:
Matthew Chapman, Australia
January 26, 4:15pm |
Finally this entry is coming to
you from Antarctica! After yesterday`s frustrating
weather which saw us grounded in Punta Arenas, we
were worried we might never get here. After a successful
takeoff from Punta Arenas airport at 9am this morning,
we enjoyed a spectacular three hour flight down
to King George Island in Antarctica on a 50 seater
charter plane. Snow covered mountains, iceflows
and even icebergs were all clearly visible during
the flight. It was incredibly exciting moment for
all us when we first spotted the huge ice-cliffs
of Antarctica and then when the plane touched down
on Antarctica. After a short walk along King George
Island past the Chilean Base Station, we were ferried
by inflatable zodiac rafts to our waiting boat.
The first penguins were spotted along the way
The boat is a place that we are
all going to grow very fond of. Its centrally heated
and has lots of luxuries that we have not yet encountered
in any of the three previous deserts, including
comfortable bunk beds and even our own chef. Over
the past few hours, all competitors have sat down
to their first meal on the boat and a comments were
made whether this was the Four Deserts Series or
the Four Desserts Series, such was the quality of
the food.
In the next hour though, we are
to get the first real sense of what we really came
here for - to run through the cold of Antarctica.
At 4.30pm, we will be ferried on to the land and
will spend about two hours breaking the rust off
our legs and acclimatizing. Today will be a trial
stage for everyone to test their equipment. Overnight
while we sleep our boat will sail around 8 hours
to the Antarctic mainland to Hope Bay where tomorrow
we expect a long day, perhaps up to 80km. Final
details are to be announced in the morning. Given
that we are a day behind, owing to weather, we expect
some very long running days in succession. Better
eat up! |
|
SJoin
us this week on The Deep as we talk to Eli Sadler from the
environmental firm Got Mercury? and Xavier Pastor of Oceana
as we discuss the hazards of mercury in your everyday life.
The Deep is broadcast on Newstalk K57 every Wednesday night
at 7:00 p.m. You can also listen live from our web site
www.thedeepradioshow.com. Join Jim Sullivan, Pam Eastlick,
and Peter Melyan on the deepest radio show on Earth.
|
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