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Show Date: February 1, 2006 
Pam Eastlick for THE DEEP on line

TEA WITH THE MAD HATTER
LOOK...UP IN THE SKY!
and
THE LAST DESERT UPDATE

Welcome to The Deep science and technology column where we cover topics from the deep sea to deep space and beyond. Join us each week on Newstalk K57 on Wednesday night from 7 to 8 p.m. for exciting live science expeditions or listen live on our web site www.thedeepradioshow.com

TEA WITH THE MAD HATTER
Have you ever had one of those conversations with someone where you seemed to be talking at cross-purposes? Have a look at this excerpt from Alice in Wonderland and you’ll see what I mean.
Alice had been looking over his [the Mad Hatter] shoulder with some curiosity. `What a funny watch!' she remarked. `It tells the day of the month, and doesn't tell what o'clock it is!'
`Why should it?' muttered the Hatter. `Does your watch tell you what year it is?'
`Of course not,' Alice replied very readily: `but that's because it stays the same year for such a long time together.'
`Which is just the case with mine,' said the Hatter.
Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed to have no sort of meaning in it, and yet it was certainly English. `I don't quite understand you,' she said, as politely as she could.

The Mad Hatter is just full of remarks like that and interestingly enough; Lewis Carol had a very definite role model in mind when he created the character. In 19th century England (and the United States), hatters (people who made hats) really did go mad. Many hats were (and still are) made of felt and the chemicals used to cure felt included mercury nitrate. Prolonged exposure to these mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. Victims developed severe and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, called "hatter's shakes"; other symptoms included distorted vision and confused speech. Advanced cases developed hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms.

Many hats were made of beaver fur, but cheaper ones used rabbit fur instead. Making a rabbit fur hat was complex and involved many steps. One step was to brush a solution of mercury nitrate on to the fur to roughen the fibers and make them mat more easily. The process called carroting because it made the fur turn orange. Beaver fur has natural serrated edges that make this unnecessary, one reason why it was preferred, but the cost and scarcity of beaver meant that other furs had to be used.

Whatever the source of the fur, the fibers were shaved off the skin and matted into felt; which was later immersed in a boiling acid solution to thicken and harden it. The acid treatment decomposed the mercury nitrate to elemental mercury. Finishing processes included steaming the hat to shape and ironing it. In all these steps, hatters working in poorly ventilated workshops would breathe in mercury vapor.

This hazard continued into the 20th century and it wasn’t until 1941 that the US officially banned the practice of using mercury to make hats. Although hatters are no longer routinely exposed to the hazards of mercury, you may not be so lucky.

Elemental mercury is everywhere. The vapor is easily transported by the wind and trace amounts can be found in all bodies of water. Unfortunately, bacteria can cause chemical changes that transform elemental mercury to methyl mercury, a more toxic form.

Fish absorb methyl mercury from the water as it passes over their gills and as they feed on aquatic organisms. The mercury then moves up the food chain and top-drawer predators like sharks, tuna and swordfish can contain significant amounts of toxic mercury,

 

LOOK! UP IN THE SKY!!!
It’s a bird, it’s a plane, it’s a . . . . SPACESUIT??

Don’t look now, but NASA is preparing to launch what is probably the weirdest satellite ever. It’s not bound for Mars or Pluto or any other planet, and it’s not going to be launched from Earth. It’s going to be shoved out the airlock of the International Space Station on 2 February 2006. and it’s an empty spacesuit. Huh?

Why would you launch a spacesuit? Well, believe it or not, Bill McArthur and Valery Tokarev, the current residents of the ISS and scientists on the ground hope to do some real science with the spacesuit which will officially be called SuitSat.

Frank Bauer of the Goddard Space Flight Center says that using the aging spacesuit was a Russian idea. "We've equipped a Russian Orlon spacesuit with three batteries, a radio transmitter, and internal sensors to measure temperature and battery power," says Bauer. "As SuitSat circles Earth, it will transmit its condition to the ground."
Unlike a normal spacewalk, there will be no human inside the suit and SuitSat's temperature controls will be turned off to conserve power. The suit will be exposed to the fierce rays of the sun with no way to regulate its internal temperature.

"Will the suit overheat? How long will the batteries last? Can we get a clear transmission if the suit tumbles?" wonders Bauer. These are some of the questions SuitSat will answer, laying the groundwork for SuitSats of the future.
If you’re a ham radio operator, you can listen to SuitSat as it circles the Earth. “All you need is an antenna (the bigger the better) and a radio receiver that you can tune to 145.990 MHz FM," says Bauer. "A police band scanner or a hand-talkie ham radio would work just fine." He encourages students, scouts, teachers and ham radio operators to tune in.

When will SuitSat orbit over your home town? You can use Science@NASA's J-Pass utility to find out. The online program will ask for your zip code and if you live in the United States, that's all you have to do. If you don’t live in the mainland US, you can enter your latitude and longitude. Then it will tell you when the ISS is going to orbit over your area. (Be sure to click the "options" button and select "all passes.")

If you have trouble with J-Pass, just go to the site www.heavens-above.com. Entering your latitude and longitude there will give you all the bright satellite passes that sail silently through your night sky.

Join us this week on The Deep as we talk to Eli Sadler from the environmental firm Got Mercury? and Xavier Pastor of Oceana as we discuss the hazards of mercury in your everyday life. The Deep is broadcast on Newstalk K57 every Wednesday night at 7:00 p.m. You can also listen live from our web site www.thedeepradioshow.com. Join Jim Sullivan, Pam Eastlick, and Peter Melyan on the deepest radio show on Earth.

Because the ISS and SuitSat share similar orbits, predictions for one will serve for the other. Observers in the United States will find that SuitSat passes overhead once or twice a day—usually between midnight and 4 o'clock in the morning. At that time of day, SuitSat and the ISS will be in Earth's shadow and, thus, too dark to see with the naked eye. You'll need a radio to detect them.

SuitSat transmits for 30 seconds, pauses for 30 seconds, and then repeats. "This is SuitSat-1, RS0RS," the transmission begins, followed by a prerecorded greeting in five languages. The greeting contains "special words" in English, French, Japanese, Russian, German and Spanish for students to record and decipher.
Then, SuitSat’s voice synthesizer will tell you its temperature, battery power, and the mission elapsed time. But you’d better listen fast, because Bauer expects SuitSat's batteries to last only 2 to 4 days. After that, SuitSat will begin a slow silent spiral into Earth's atmosphere. Weeks or months later, no one knows exactly when, it will become a brilliant fireball over some part of Earth—a fitting end for a trailblazer.

SuitSat with the radio transmitter on top.
 
LAST DESERT UPDATE 2-1-06

The competetors of The Last Desert race across Antartica have completed two of three stages of the competition.

From Punta Arenas in Chile, the participants made their way to King George Island via a small aircraft. Upon arrival, they boarded a vessel or "floating hotel" that will be used as the ground refuge for seven days. The three stages are to be run in three separate locations which have been chosen taking into consideration safety, the environment, diversity and the landscape. Competitors will be transferred by Zodiacs in the morning and evening. The stages will be made easier by the 24 hours of sunlight during Antarctica's summer.

The first stage took place on King George Island, the largest of the South Shetland Islands. Russia, China, Korea, Poland, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina have all built research stations here. The numerous international research stations on this island include the Polish Arctowski Station and the Brazilian Ferraz Station in Admiralty Bay and on the western side the Russian, Chilean, Chinese, Korean, and Uruguayan stations.

The second stage was on Deception Island. Long ago, volcanic pressure on Deception Island resulted in a tremendous eruption that caused the island's peak to explode. The resulting caldera flooded with seawater, creating the unique landmass that played host to the second stage. Thousands of Chinstrap Penguins inhabit the volcanic slopes of the island, along with nesting Pintado Petrels and Antarctic Terns.

Nestled among the South Shetland Islands, Deception Island is easily recognized on a map by its horseshoe shape. Its collapsed volcanic caldera is breached at Neptune's Bellows and makes for one of the world's safest natural harbors, despite the volcano's periodic eruptions. Ships enter the relatively calm waters of Port Forster (12km/7.5mi wide) through the caldera's breach that is surrounded by snow-covered hills that reach 580m (1900ft). The island has an interesting history - it was a base for several early exploratory missions - and is still a disputed territory between the Argentineans and the British, however nowadays they seem to get along.

The volcano is still very active and its eruptions have caused evacuations and considerable damage to the stations there (during the 1920-21 whaling season the harbor water boiled and stripped the paint off the ships' hulls). The most recent eruption was in 1991-92.

Part of what brings ships to the island is that the volcanic activity thermally heats the waters of Pendulum Cove (so-called because of the British pendulum and magnetism experiments held there last century) and you can take a dip. You do have to be careful, however, because if you move even a meter from the warm water you might find your skin blistering from a near-boiling patch or goose-bumping from an unheated patch. There are large colonies of chinstrap penguins on the exterior coast, but few marine animals enter the harbor because there are numerous volcanic vents that heat the water to several degrees above the sea surrounding the island.

The final stage of the Last Desert will be held on Hope Bay (on the tip of the Antarctic peninsula): This location is close to the Argentine base station named "Esperanza." Hope Bay lies in the Antarctic Sound often called "Iceberg Alley" providing excellent opportunities to see extraordinary icebergs. There are remains of an expedition hut from a Swedish expedition that wintered there in 1903. The Argentine Esperanza Research Station, Adelie penguins and snowy sheathbills are other highlights.

We have been following Matthew Chapman during his preparation for this, the premier event for the Racing the Planet Series. He makes the following comments on the eve of their departure for the first stage:

Matthew Chapman, Australia
January 26, 4:15pm

Finally this entry is coming to you from Antarctica! After yesterday`s frustrating weather which saw us grounded in Punta Arenas, we were worried we might never get here. After a successful takeoff from Punta Arenas airport at 9am this morning, we enjoyed a spectacular three hour flight down to King George Island in Antarctica on a 50 seater charter plane. Snow covered mountains, iceflows and even icebergs were all clearly visible during the flight. It was incredibly exciting moment for all us when we first spotted the huge ice-cliffs of Antarctica and then when the plane touched down on Antarctica. After a short walk along King George Island past the Chilean Base Station, we were ferried by inflatable zodiac rafts to our waiting boat. The first penguins were spotted along the way

The boat is a place that we are all going to grow very fond of. Its centrally heated and has lots of luxuries that we have not yet encountered in any of the three previous deserts, including comfortable bunk beds and even our own chef. Over the past few hours, all competitors have sat down to their first meal on the boat and a comments were made whether this was the Four Deserts Series or the Four Desserts Series, such was the quality of the food.

In the next hour though, we are to get the first real sense of what we really came here for - to run through the cold of Antarctica. At 4.30pm, we will be ferried on to the land and will spend about two hours breaking the rust off our legs and acclimatizing. Today will be a trial stage for everyone to test their equipment. Overnight while we sleep our boat will sail around 8 hours to the Antarctic mainland to Hope Bay where tomorrow we expect a long day, perhaps up to 80km. Final details are to be announced in the morning. Given that we are a day behind, owing to weather, we expect some very long running days in succession. Better eat up!

 

SJoin us this week on The Deep as we talk to Eli Sadler from the environmental firm Got Mercury? and Xavier Pastor of Oceana as we discuss the hazards of mercury in your everyday life. The Deep is broadcast on Newstalk K57 every Wednesday night at 7:00 p.m. You can also listen live from our web site www.thedeepradioshow.com. Join Jim Sullivan, Pam Eastlick, and Peter Melyan on the deepest radio show on Earth.